1 00:00:10,369 --> 00:00:07,910 hello everybody and welcome to this 2 00:00:12,229 --> 00:00:10,379 week's Hubbell hangout this is a special 3 00:00:14,449 --> 00:00:12,239 edition Hubble hangout because it is st. 4 00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:14,459 Patrick's Day so on welcome you all here 5 00:00:19,460 --> 00:00:17,160 for this really cool hangout where 6 00:00:21,740 --> 00:00:19,470 astronomers using the Hubble Space 7 00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:21,750 Telescope have developed a new data 8 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:23,310 processing technique which has allowed 9 00:00:28,099 --> 00:00:26,130 them to for the first time measure the 10 00:00:31,579 --> 00:00:28,109 composition of an atmosphere of an 11 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:31,589 exoplanet that is of the class of a 12 00:00:34,819 --> 00:00:33,090 super earth and we'll talk about what 13 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:34,829 all of this means as we get going in the 14 00:00:38,060 --> 00:00:36,690 Hangout but it's very exciting stuff 15 00:00:39,470 --> 00:00:38,070 because they've been they I want we're 16 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:39,480 gonna learn about the new method they've 17 00:00:44,990 --> 00:00:42,930 used to to make these measurements as 18 00:00:46,939 --> 00:00:45,000 well as what is it my mean for the for 19 00:00:48,860 --> 00:00:46,949 exoplanet research in the future so 20 00:00:51,979 --> 00:00:48,870 we'll get started by first introducing 21 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:51,989 my my friends my co-host dr. Carol 22 00:00:56,509 --> 00:00:54,570 Christian she is the HST the Hubble 23 00:00:58,009 --> 00:00:56,519 Space Telescope outreach scientist hello 24 00:01:01,490 --> 00:00:58,019 again Carol it's good to see you again 25 00:01:03,410 --> 00:01:01,500 hey Tony how are you I'm doing really 26 00:01:08,270 --> 00:01:03,420 good because it's st. Patrick's Day are 27 00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:08,280 you excited yes I don't have any green 28 00:01:15,350 --> 00:01:10,680 beer yet unfortunately for our drinking 29 00:01:19,310 --> 00:01:15,360 game but yes we're gonna happen anyway 30 00:01:25,010 --> 00:01:19,320 so you can drink coffee I'll come up 31 00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:25,020 with it don't worry as always yeah so 32 00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:26,520 that means in that voice is Scott Lewis 33 00:01:29,990 --> 00:01:27,990 from you guys know here's our Internet 34 00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:30,000 driver extraordinaire and so welcome 35 00:01:33,650 --> 00:01:31,290 back Scott it's good to see you again as 36 00:01:34,940 --> 00:01:33,660 well thank you this hangout seems kind 37 00:01:37,220 --> 00:01:34,950 of exciting to me guys I can't wait to 38 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:37,230 learn more about what this what this 39 00:01:41,990 --> 00:01:39,090 exoplanet measurements are are like and 40 00:01:44,300 --> 00:01:42,000 what they what they might mean but 41 00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:44,310 before we get going and I introduce our 42 00:01:48,950 --> 00:01:45,840 guests from the University of College at 43 00:01:50,540 --> 00:01:48,960 London we want to have you prepared to 44 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:50,550 ask us questions we want you to interact 45 00:01:59,020 --> 00:01:53,850 with us and join us in the st. Patrick's 46 00:02:03,950 --> 00:01:59,030 Day drinking game where we have and 47 00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:03,960 coffee okay all right so we but we do 48 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:05,100 want you to know seriously we want your 49 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:06,210 questions and comments during the 50 00:02:08,959 --> 00:02:07,770 Hangout and Scott why don't you tell 51 00:02:11,479 --> 00:02:08,969 everybody how they can do that 52 00:02:12,979 --> 00:02:11,489 absolutely so the more anything everyone 53 00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:12,989 loading in here since we're live on 54 00:02:17,210 --> 00:02:14,340 YouTube using glue 55 00:02:19,479 --> 00:02:17,220 YouTube live effect you can go ahead and 56 00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:19,489 use the live chat so I'm seeking our 57 00:02:23,809 --> 00:02:22,260 frequent flyer and regular commenter 58 00:02:26,210 --> 00:02:23,819 Michael Jovians and they're great 59 00:02:29,059 --> 00:02:26,220 Michael yeah it's grinning that we're 60 00:02:30,410 --> 00:02:29,069 alive so yes hi everyone so if you have 61 00:02:33,979 --> 00:02:30,420 any questions or comments regarding 62 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:33,989 today's show or or the research that's 63 00:02:37,550 --> 00:02:35,370 been put out there please feel free to 64 00:02:40,070 --> 00:02:37,560 ask us questions make your comments in 65 00:02:42,050 --> 00:02:40,080 there have a friendly discussion I do 66 00:02:45,740 --> 00:02:42,060 have the banhammer ready if I need to 67 00:02:47,570 --> 00:02:45,750 and I will use it but more more likely 68 00:02:50,059 --> 00:02:47,580 you guys have been really who's been 69 00:02:52,039 --> 00:02:50,069 really awesome the other way too that we 70 00:02:54,380 --> 00:02:52,049 are going to be continuing this 71 00:02:56,570 --> 00:02:54,390 conversation both live and afterwards is 72 00:02:59,479 --> 00:02:56,580 using the hashtag Hubbell hangout on 73 00:03:01,220 --> 00:02:59,489 Twitter so I'll be live tweeting as 74 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:01,230 we're going along complete with any 75 00:03:04,610 --> 00:03:03,090 graphics and links to press releases and 76 00:03:07,729 --> 00:03:04,620 things like that we're going on so I 77 00:03:10,220 --> 00:03:07,739 will be monitoring the the Twitter feed 78 00:03:11,780 --> 00:03:10,230 we also have events up on Google+ and 79 00:03:14,449 --> 00:03:11,790 Facebook so I'll be monitoring those as 80 00:03:16,910 --> 00:03:14,459 well so if you have any any questions or 81 00:03:18,740 --> 00:03:16,920 any insightful comments please feel free 82 00:03:21,650 --> 00:03:18,750 to send them our way and we'll make sure 83 00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:21,660 that I bring them up and we'll try to 84 00:03:29,090 --> 00:03:24,480 get them answered on air did you say 85 00:03:31,009 --> 00:03:29,100 hash tag part 2 I did Hubbell hangout in 86 00:03:37,190 --> 00:03:31,019 a drinking game I think it's going to be 87 00:03:40,340 --> 00:03:37,200 either hydrogen or helium okay yeah well 88 00:03:42,349 --> 00:03:40,350 exoplanets a little too easy i do i do 89 00:03:48,559 --> 00:03:42,359 love everyone a little bit 90 00:03:57,220 --> 00:03:48,569 I want hydrogen cyanide hi this is gonna 91 00:04:06,910 --> 00:04:00,440 yeah or it's your boss dang stop talking 92 00:04:08,660 --> 00:04:06,920 about drinking on air okay so as I 93 00:04:12,319 --> 00:04:08,670 really that's right what do you do with 94 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:12,329 all my drinking games on my boy so this 95 00:04:15,979 --> 00:04:13,410 cuz we're go ahead and get started so 96 00:04:19,219 --> 00:04:15,989 for the first time astronomers have been 97 00:04:22,250 --> 00:04:19,229 able to measure directly the composition 98 00:04:25,159 --> 00:04:22,260 of a super-earth exoplanet and of the 99 00:04:27,020 --> 00:04:25,169 star system known as 55 Cancri and this 100 00:04:28,010 --> 00:04:27,030 is a star system that is about 40 101 00:04:30,050 --> 00:04:28,020 life.you 40 light 102 00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:30,060 years from Earth in the constellation of 103 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:32,280 cancer and so joining me to talk about 104 00:04:36,589 --> 00:04:35,250 this are some group from the University 105 00:04:39,110 --> 00:04:36,599 of College at London all three of these 106 00:04:40,909 --> 00:04:39,120 guys so we have Angelo CRS he's a PhD 107 00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:40,919 student we also have Ingo Waldman a 108 00:04:45,499 --> 00:04:44,400 postdoc as well as Marko Rotato a grad 109 00:04:47,450 --> 00:04:45,509 student all of these guys are 110 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:47,460 responsible in some way or another for 111 00:04:50,540 --> 00:04:48,930 the development of this technique which 112 00:04:55,490 --> 00:04:50,550 we will get into but welcome guys this 113 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:55,500 is your first Hubble hangout yes yes I 114 00:04:59,899 --> 00:04:57,360 guys all right goods well thank you for 115 00:05:01,939 --> 00:04:59,909 joining us so let's start with let's 116 00:05:05,420 --> 00:05:01,949 start with you Angelo's tell us a little 117 00:05:06,980 --> 00:05:05,430 bit about what you found and a little 118 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:06,990 bit about this super-earth give us some 119 00:05:14,740 --> 00:05:11,690 background on this a new birth is 120 00:05:19,309 --> 00:05:14,750 light-years away from the earth and 121 00:05:23,450 --> 00:05:19,319 orbiting its host star in a very close 122 00:05:26,570 --> 00:05:23,460 so the orbit is only 18 hours this means 123 00:05:29,689 --> 00:05:26,580 that the temperature is o the orbit of 124 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:29,699 this planet is 18 hours in hours yes 125 00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:32,610 here is wow that's pretty so it's 126 00:05:36,830 --> 00:05:34,460 smoking it's going around pretty good 127 00:05:39,459 --> 00:05:36,840 that makes you even older than you 128 00:05:43,399 --> 00:05:39,469 thought you were Tony that's right so 129 00:05:45,980 --> 00:05:43,409 years I am years old thank you 130 00:06:05,149 --> 00:05:45,990 I'm glad you know I'm here to help 131 00:06:07,610 --> 00:06:05,159 hydrogen cyanide the more you know so it 132 00:06:15,260 --> 00:06:07,620 is the temperature on its surface is 133 00:06:21,170 --> 00:06:15,270 expecting to be about two thousand two 134 00:06:23,839 --> 00:06:21,180 thousand Kelvin 18-hour year this place 135 00:06:26,689 --> 00:06:23,849 not sound like a vacation spot no 136 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:26,699 doesn't sound really Pleasant no all 137 00:06:39,820 --> 00:06:36,570 right well I you realize Carol I'm gonna 138 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:44,980 I would give away our punchlines so with 139 00:06:52,150 --> 00:06:47,690 our drinking game but the I wanted so is 140 00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:52,160 this exoplanet it's 55 Cancri E and the 141 00:06:56,110 --> 00:06:54,620 e is what is that what does that mean by 142 00:06:58,360 --> 00:06:56,120 the way it's a little II which 143 00:07:02,680 --> 00:06:58,370 apparently matters so what does that 144 00:07:05,650 --> 00:07:02,690 mean there are five planets in this 145 00:07:07,300 --> 00:07:05,660 system the way they make them in order 146 00:07:13,090 --> 00:07:07,310 of distance from the Sun or the distance 147 00:07:13,870 --> 00:07:13,100 the order of things so the order he said 148 00:09:21,189 --> 00:07:13,880 e 149 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:21,199 that this display had actually an 150 00:09:24,939 --> 00:09:23,569 atmosphere okay I want to get to that 151 00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:24,949 processing technique in just a minute 152 00:09:27,819 --> 00:09:26,480 but I wanted I just want to finish 153 00:09:29,740 --> 00:09:27,829 laying the groundwork for the system 154 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:29,750 itself and where it is so this thing is 155 00:09:33,970 --> 00:09:32,810 about 40 light years away not gonna be 156 00:09:36,129 --> 00:09:33,980 something we're gonna be heading to I 157 00:09:37,470 --> 00:09:36,139 think the next welding also from the 158 00:09:39,610 --> 00:09:37,480 sound of it we wouldn't really want to 159 00:09:41,199 --> 00:09:39,620 but what is this that I want to talk a 160 00:09:43,629 --> 00:09:41,209 little bit about what a super-earth is 161 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:43,639 is it like a place where Superman comes 162 00:09:53,019 --> 00:09:51,170 from what is a super it's we don't 163 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:53,029 actually have in our own solar system so 164 00:09:59,290 --> 00:09:55,610 it's it's kind of weird right before 165 00:10:04,120 --> 00:09:59,300 that meet somewhere between for ages and 166 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:04,130 Neptune and up to sort of 10 but I'm 167 00:10:07,540 --> 00:10:05,810 important it's a rocky planet right 168 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:07,550 that's between the radius not 169 00:10:11,410 --> 00:10:09,050 necessarily so 170 00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:11,420 it's assumed to be mainly terrestrial 171 00:10:17,170 --> 00:10:13,310 but we don't really know so some of them 172 00:10:20,740 --> 00:10:17,180 could be mini mini Neptune's 55 concrete 173 00:10:24,249 --> 00:10:20,750 is probably very rocky insides well sort 174 00:10:25,720 --> 00:10:24,259 of molten lava sort of thing yeah but we 175 00:10:27,610 --> 00:10:25,730 don't have that you know solar system so 176 00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:27,620 it's quite an interesting planet or if 177 00:10:31,990 --> 00:10:29,420 it's about the biggest rocky planet here 178 00:10:35,769 --> 00:10:32,000 right and more would be embarrassing if 179 00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:35,779 I didn't know that but yeah yeah pretty 180 00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:38,540 embarrassing yeah thank you for pointing 181 00:10:44,350 --> 00:10:42,800 that out but yeah the so so for for 182 00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:44,360 these things to be between the size of 183 00:10:48,370 --> 00:10:46,610 the earth and say Neptune as you say is 184 00:10:50,040 --> 00:10:48,380 there an upper limit to how big these 185 00:10:52,420 --> 00:10:50,050 rocky planets can get I mean are there 186 00:10:54,490 --> 00:10:52,430 these would be awfully heavy 187 00:10:55,900 --> 00:10:54,500 correct so at some point they might just 188 00:10:57,220 --> 00:10:55,910 what they is there a point where they 189 00:11:00,069 --> 00:10:57,230 just crush themselves or is there an 190 00:11:03,129 --> 00:11:00,079 upper limit to how big super Earths can 191 00:11:04,780 --> 00:11:03,139 be if they're rocky I guess that's an 192 00:11:05,650 --> 00:11:04,790 that's a more involved question than I 193 00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:05,660 thought because you're saying they're 194 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:07,340 not necessarily to rest 195 00:11:13,420 --> 00:11:10,970 so yeah so you know it's it's it's just 196 00:11:17,230 --> 00:11:13,430 a definition of size at the moment but 197 00:11:19,510 --> 00:11:17,240 yeah if they arrest real if they're big 198 00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:19,520 enough as a cool right you'd assume that 199 00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:21,110 they create loads of hydrogen in their 200 00:11:27,070 --> 00:11:22,550 formation and that they actually end up 201 00:11:29,470 --> 00:11:27,080 like Jupiter okay maybe they have a big 202 00:11:32,410 --> 00:11:29,480 pool okay with that this sort of leads 203 00:11:33,820 --> 00:11:32,420 into a comment that that Michael joban 204 00:11:35,020 --> 00:11:33,830 has left on YouTube and I will go ahead 205 00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:35,030 and get to that now you know when he was 206 00:11:39,430 --> 00:11:36,560 commenting on the fact that this has got 207 00:11:42,100 --> 00:11:39,440 an 18 hour orbit and he goes man I bet 208 00:11:43,810 --> 00:11:42,110 in his egg shaped or something so that's 209 00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:43,820 a but the point I think he's making and 210 00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:45,650 I'd like to follow up on that is isn't 211 00:11:49,510 --> 00:11:47,360 that isn't there gonna do some crazy 212 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:49,520 things I mean the earth is not it's not 213 00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:50,930 a perfect sphere something called an 214 00:11:55,060 --> 00:11:53,420 oblate spheroid which because it's 215 00:11:59,140 --> 00:11:55,070 spinning and rotating it sort of flat in 216 00:12:01,090 --> 00:11:59,150 the middle so is that affecting this 217 00:12:06,760 --> 00:12:01,100 thing's shape at all i'm scottie right 218 00:12:09,430 --> 00:12:06,770 or do we know yeah it must be affected 219 00:12:12,730 --> 00:12:09,440 by tidal forces yeah since it is close 220 00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:12,740 so close and you know surfaces like lava 221 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:15,050 by itself anyway so it's that's really 222 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:19,730 Rock no it's a thousand degrees up of 223 00:12:24,370 --> 00:12:23,210 like melting point of iron okay well 224 00:12:25,780 --> 00:12:24,380 let's get to how you know that then 225 00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:25,790 let's go to your processing technique 226 00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:27,920 and since and since Marko you were the 227 00:12:39,850 --> 00:12:39,110 one on HST explain why the width Wide 228 00:12:43,390 --> 00:12:39,860 Field Camera 3 229 00:12:45,460 --> 00:12:43,400 spectrograph is the one you need because 230 00:12:48,070 --> 00:12:45,470 we've talked about on this on hangouts 231 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:48,080 we've talked about the cosmic origins 232 00:12:54,340 --> 00:12:50,530 spectrograph which sounds cosmic and 233 00:12:57,100 --> 00:12:54,350 this spectrograph so why is white field 234 00:13:03,160 --> 00:12:57,110 camera 3 specifically interesting for 235 00:13:08,890 --> 00:13:03,170 this so it's the infrared part of wt3 236 00:13:11,770 --> 00:13:08,900 camera we see between 1.1 and 1.7 C's 5 237 00:13:14,950 --> 00:13:11,780 micron and it's more interesting because 238 00:13:18,130 --> 00:13:14,960 we can see signature micro signatures at 239 00:13:21,190 --> 00:13:18,140 these wavelengths so this the signal 240 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:21,200 from the planet is not dominated by you 241 00:13:29,470 --> 00:13:25,490 sputtering or present of clouds so we 242 00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:29,480 can see molecules easier okay okay 243 00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:32,450 thanks possible to see molecules from 244 00:13:37,269 --> 00:13:34,630 the other wavelets 245 00:13:39,759 --> 00:13:37,279 well very small water features for 246 00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:39,769 example could be seen with space but 247 00:13:44,889 --> 00:13:42,110 really we've come free is the instrument 248 00:13:46,540 --> 00:13:44,899 to use if you want to detect molecular 249 00:13:49,689 --> 00:13:46,550 features with Hubble 250 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:49,699 and right now you would like to go even 251 00:13:55,689 --> 00:13:52,490 further read to where the biggest 252 00:13:57,250 --> 00:13:55,699 molecular features are with countries 253 00:14:02,710 --> 00:13:57,260 actually the best instrument right now 254 00:14:04,030 --> 00:14:02,720 that we have and that leads into I think 255 00:14:06,579 --> 00:14:04,040 what I like to where I like to go with 256 00:14:08,199 --> 00:14:06,589 this is that it is I think this is the 257 00:14:11,410 --> 00:14:08,209 kind of observation that might be more 258 00:14:13,090 --> 00:14:11,420 routine with something like the James 259 00:14:15,550 --> 00:14:13,100 Webb Space Telescope which is going to 260 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:15,560 be entirely an infrared telescope and in 261 00:14:20,530 --> 00:14:18,050 one of its goals in science is to do the 262 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:20,540 kind of measurement that you guys have 263 00:14:24,579 --> 00:14:22,730 made here and this is the what's what's 264 00:14:28,660 --> 00:14:24,589 exciting about what you've done is that 265 00:14:31,509 --> 00:14:28,670 this is the first detection of gases in 266 00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:31,519 an atmosphere of a super-earth plan it's 267 00:14:36,189 --> 00:14:33,800 the first time this has been done and 268 00:14:37,660 --> 00:14:36,199 using Hubble and as you would we just 269 00:14:39,310 --> 00:14:37,670 talked about the Wide Field Camera 3 270 00:14:43,689 --> 00:14:39,320 which is it primarily an infrared 271 00:14:45,880 --> 00:14:43,699 telescope or infrared camera the you 272 00:14:47,650 --> 00:14:45,890 were able to get this detection of what 273 00:14:50,259 --> 00:14:47,660 was in this atmosphere and I want to 274 00:14:52,990 --> 00:14:50,269 talk about how you did it so what was 275 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:53,000 your new you had to invent the 276 00:14:56,829 --> 00:14:54,890 processing technique to get this done so 277 00:14:58,180 --> 00:14:56,839 what did you do and I guess I'll send 278 00:15:07,449 --> 00:14:58,190 that to a Marco since you're the main 279 00:15:09,699 --> 00:15:07,459 you would do one that's a well so the 280 00:15:13,210 --> 00:15:09,709 main problem with this kind of 281 00:15:15,850 --> 00:15:13,220 observation is that we can only do these 282 00:15:18,939 --> 00:15:15,860 measurements in very very bright targets 283 00:15:22,509 --> 00:15:18,949 very bright stars close by very close to 284 00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:22,519 us on the other hand we have W camera 285 00:15:27,879 --> 00:15:24,050 and especially doing for a detector 286 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:27,889 which is very sensitive this means that 287 00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:29,930 we can it's very difficult to observe 288 00:15:38,860 --> 00:15:34,910 these targets and because they will such 289 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:38,870 your ccd cameras new detectors like the 290 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:40,730 bright the light from the star is so 291 00:15:46,930 --> 00:15:43,130 bright compared to the flat light from 292 00:15:50,220 --> 00:15:46,940 the planet I was made for a fainter that 293 00:15:55,810 --> 00:15:50,230 I get so for cosmological research 294 00:16:00,400 --> 00:15:55,820 mainly right so and a new technique was 295 00:16:02,770 --> 00:16:00,410 introduced in 2012 so during the 296 00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:02,780 observation instead of having Kabul 297 00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:06,910 staring at the target Hubble is moving 298 00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:10,310 moving in a way that the star is no 299 00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:13,150 longer at the spectrum actually it's not 300 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:15,920 standing at actually one position on the 301 00:16:24,370 --> 00:16:20,450 detector but it's moving along one the 302 00:16:26,530 --> 00:16:24,380 one axis vector so this makes the 303 00:16:29,110 --> 00:16:26,540 process of the data a bit more difficult 304 00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:29,120 because there are other systematics 305 00:16:34,810 --> 00:16:33,830 going into these and so let me just make 306 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:34,820 sure I understood what you just said 307 00:16:41,680 --> 00:16:38,690 you're you take a you go you open the 308 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:41,690 exposure and you move back and forth 309 00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:43,850 just a little bit in one direction and 310 00:16:48,190 --> 00:16:46,370 you smear it out across the detector am 311 00:16:57,390 --> 00:16:48,200 i imagining this right we have a figure 312 00:17:03,820 --> 00:16:57,400 for this okay so with this knob right 313 00:17:04,809 --> 00:17:03,830 lobby talking about Scott yeah but it's 314 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:04,819 essentially it's you know it's 315 00:17:08,199 --> 00:17:06,530 essentially smearing like it's slowing 316 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:08,209 across the star because it hasn't a 317 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:09,850 shutter that's the main problem right 318 00:17:14,710 --> 00:17:12,770 and so this the field of view by the way 319 00:17:17,140 --> 00:17:14,720 the Hubble has got a tiny field of view 320 00:17:19,420 --> 00:17:17,150 and the way I've always described it 321 00:17:21,730 --> 00:17:19,430 it's just like a grain of sand held out 322 00:17:23,439 --> 00:17:21,740 at arm's length up at the sky that's how 323 00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:23,449 much of the sky had images at one time 324 00:17:26,920 --> 00:17:25,280 so it's very small okay he's got it up 325 00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:26,930 so why don't you show us what we're 326 00:17:31,780 --> 00:17:28,310 looking or tell us what we're looking at 327 00:17:36,180 --> 00:17:31,790 he had here certainly the depth of 328 00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:36,190 actually looking across the white arrow 329 00:17:43,150 --> 00:17:39,760 on the as the spearing of the 330 00:17:45,340 --> 00:17:43,160 perspective on this paper so then this 331 00:17:47,610 --> 00:17:45,350 is the spectrum of 55 Cancri right this 332 00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:47,620 is the star and the star 333 00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:49,630 yes okay so you can take that if you 334 00:17:53,790 --> 00:17:51,910 smeared it in one direction of course 335 00:17:56,580 --> 00:17:53,800 you as a person white are yeah exactly 336 00:17:57,720 --> 00:17:56,590 and in this case because the target is 337 00:18:02,850 --> 00:17:57,730 very bright 338 00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:02,860 you have to scan very fast so this is 339 00:18:10,350 --> 00:18:06,940 eight seconds exposure but that's like 340 00:18:11,850 --> 00:18:10,360 300 pixels something scan okay what does 341 00:18:15,930 --> 00:18:11,860 this get you what what's the advantage 342 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:15,940 here my excuse me what is this why why 343 00:18:22,020 --> 00:18:18,330 do you do this what's the what is 344 00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:22,030 otherwise the the because it it'll just 345 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:25,360 saturate the detector measurement yeah 346 00:18:29,850 --> 00:18:26,770 and so you need it because it has no 347 00:18:31,650 --> 00:18:29,860 shutter that's the problem as soon as 348 00:18:33,830 --> 00:18:31,660 you look at the star you're gonna 349 00:18:36,419 --> 00:18:33,840 saturate with comfrey we've come free so 350 00:18:39,299 --> 00:18:36,429 sensitive right it's beautiful cosmology 351 00:18:42,120 --> 00:18:39,309 and not for like looking at the next by 352 00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:42,130 star which we kind of have to do for 353 00:18:45,870 --> 00:18:43,780 exoplanets because the the signal we're 354 00:18:48,419 --> 00:18:45,880 looking for the planet is she knows one 355 00:18:52,830 --> 00:18:48,429 photon in 10,000 so we need loads of 356 00:18:55,590 --> 00:18:52,840 photons we need a bright star so so as 357 00:18:57,270 --> 00:18:55,600 soon as we look at at the star it just 358 00:18:59,640 --> 00:18:57,280 saturates immediately and the only thing 359 00:19:03,900 --> 00:18:59,650 we can do without a shutter is just move 360 00:19:06,150 --> 00:19:03,910 Hubble along just sort of smear it the 361 00:19:08,370 --> 00:19:06,160 signal across the detector okay I can 362 00:19:12,090 --> 00:19:08,380 see how this gets you a non saturated 363 00:19:13,770 --> 00:19:12,100 spectrum of the star without you know 364 00:19:17,010 --> 00:19:13,780 going reaching the limits of each pixel 365 00:19:21,060 --> 00:19:17,020 and and blowing them out but the where's 366 00:19:23,850 --> 00:19:21,070 the planet in this how do you extract so 367 00:19:25,890 --> 00:19:23,860 these observations as Mike said before 368 00:19:28,980 --> 00:19:25,900 during the transit of the planet so 369 00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:28,990 we're looking that's important we're 370 00:19:34,410 --> 00:19:30,910 looking at the star but in between the 371 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:34,420 star in us there is a pallet so like if 372 00:19:39,090 --> 00:19:36,250 you think an experiment in a physics lab 373 00:19:41,610 --> 00:19:39,100 where you have a lung and a cold and 374 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:41,620 cold air and light is going through and 375 00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:43,690 then you gauge the spectrum so it's 376 00:19:47,910 --> 00:19:45,280 something like this we have a stellar 377 00:19:50,220 --> 00:19:47,920 light going through the atmosphere of 378 00:19:53,310 --> 00:19:50,230 the planet so it's filtered through the 379 00:19:55,380 --> 00:19:53,320 atmosphere and it's carrying a signal 380 00:19:59,180 --> 00:19:55,390 about a thing you said the signal is one 381 00:20:01,130 --> 00:19:59,190 photon per 10,000 so so 382 00:20:04,460 --> 00:20:01,140 embedded in this star spectrum the 383 00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:04,470 smeared out snorum is isn't is the 384 00:20:09,470 --> 00:20:07,590 spectrum of the light that is gone from 385 00:20:12,820 --> 00:20:09,480 the star through the planet's atmosphere 386 00:20:15,290 --> 00:20:12,830 because it's transiting and into the 387 00:20:18,010 --> 00:20:15,300 detector and so somewhere in there and 388 00:20:21,050 --> 00:20:18,020 you're saying out of for every 10,000 389 00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:21,060 photons one of them is from the planet 390 00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:23,280 you're a there's a there's a embedded 391 00:20:26,740 --> 00:20:24,390 spectrum in there that you have to 392 00:20:32,420 --> 00:20:26,750 somehow extract am I getting that right 393 00:20:35,450 --> 00:20:32,430 yes you've served is this planet as it 394 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:35,460 runs it so you have a spectrum of the 395 00:20:39,350 --> 00:20:37,410 star alone without the planet in the 396 00:20:40,850 --> 00:20:39,360 spectrum of the star with the planet 397 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:40,860 with the spectrum of the planet 398 00:20:48,530 --> 00:20:43,770 implanted and there are techniques 399 00:20:51,290 --> 00:20:48,540 basically to recover this the signal the 400 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:51,300 spectral signature of the planet is that 401 00:20:57,410 --> 00:20:54,210 the bottom part there yeah well that's 402 00:20:59,210 --> 00:20:57,420 the extraction which yes this is this is 403 00:21:03,530 --> 00:20:59,220 how we deal with some systematics that 404 00:21:05,870 --> 00:21:03,540 are caused by the scanning process but 405 00:21:09,020 --> 00:21:05,880 the main thing is that we we extract the 406 00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:09,030 stellar flux per wavelength and then we 407 00:21:14,690 --> 00:21:11,910 started the light curve so if you have a 408 00:21:17,210 --> 00:21:14,700 normal photo mitri of a transiting 409 00:21:20,530 --> 00:21:17,220 planet like all the like Kepler for 410 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:20,540 example or other last year that detect 411 00:21:26,360 --> 00:21:24,330 exoplanets you have you can see the the 412 00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:26,370 flux going down during the transit if 413 00:21:31,220 --> 00:21:28,740 you do that in different wavelengths and 414 00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:31,230 you measure the depth in either the 415 00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:33,510 different wavelengths then you can you 416 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:36,360 can see if the depth is changing and 417 00:21:40,810 --> 00:21:38,610 that's lead us to the next figure where 418 00:21:42,860 --> 00:21:40,820 is the spectrum and the final result so 419 00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:42,870 okay let's take a look at that but 420 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:44,190 before we change this guy what are these 421 00:21:50,060 --> 00:21:46,850 little vertical dots these old circles 422 00:21:52,610 --> 00:21:50,070 so this is where that different 423 00:21:54,260 --> 00:21:52,620 wavelengths are so so that the different 424 00:21:59,480 --> 00:21:54,270 photons of the different wavelengths so 425 00:22:01,100 --> 00:21:59,490 as Hubble is scanning then the spectrum 426 00:22:03,850 --> 00:22:01,110 is not uniform at the detector and 427 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:03,860 that's why it took us something more 428 00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:06,330 it's a bit more difficult to extract the 429 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:06,900 spectrum 430 00:22:12,740 --> 00:22:08,970 oh so that's what that's a mapping of 431 00:22:15,980 --> 00:22:12,750 the way it is in the pixel the isn't 432 00:22:18,650 --> 00:22:15,990 popping of the spatial scan spectrum may 433 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:18,660 not another simple spectrum that usually 434 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:21,810 Slyke and one-dimensional oh wow that's 435 00:22:25,190 --> 00:22:23,970 very cool okay I can see the differences 436 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:25,200 in it okay I just wanted to know what 437 00:22:28,940 --> 00:22:26,970 those were okay so Scott if you could go 438 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:28,950 to the next one and we can see hopefully 439 00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:48,590 recognize it right you can click on my 440 00:22:52,010 --> 00:22:49,890 thumbnail and we'll make it fullscreen 441 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:52,020 for you that's right what I click on 442 00:23:01,850 --> 00:22:55,890 Scott's on male and yes the confusion 443 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:01,860 you see I'm just making up data sets as 444 00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:08,250 we're going along like her from Kepler 445 00:23:17,090 --> 00:23:14,400 upper though so you see in the actual 446 00:23:23,930 --> 00:23:17,100 spectrum and it's the spectral signature 447 00:23:25,820 --> 00:23:23,940 of probably hydrogen helium which is 448 00:23:29,630 --> 00:23:25,830 basically being obtained with this 449 00:23:31,370 --> 00:23:29,640 technique okay so there's a lot here 450 00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:31,380 there's this is the top one is an 451 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:33,000 atmospheric absorption thing this is 452 00:23:36,980 --> 00:23:35,850 where the the the chemical or whatever 453 00:23:38,630 --> 00:23:36,990 the atoms are that you're looking at 454 00:23:41,750 --> 00:23:38,640 would be absorbed and along the bottom 455 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:41,760 this is the wavelength is that right yep 456 00:23:50,210 --> 00:23:46,490 so the x-axis is wavelength cons okay 457 00:23:56,020 --> 00:23:50,220 the top is the actual spectrum from w3 458 00:23:58,820 --> 00:23:56,030 so it is between 1.1 and 1.67 micron and 459 00:24:01,010 --> 00:23:58,830 the data are the transit depth which as 460 00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:01,020 we said before the transit depth at 461 00:24:05,990 --> 00:24:04,050 different wavelengths basically shows 462 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:06,000 how big is the planet at different 463 00:24:11,210 --> 00:24:08,610 wavelengths the planet appears smaller 464 00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:11,220 or bigger at different wavelengths 465 00:24:16,550 --> 00:24:13,980 because there are some gases that absorb 466 00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:16,560 light at different weight so this is 467 00:24:22,190 --> 00:24:19,050 basically what this figure is telling us 468 00:24:24,650 --> 00:24:22,200 it's not flat so if you suppose like a 469 00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:24,660 rocky surface without an atmosphere you 470 00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:26,430 would see a flat line 471 00:24:35,570 --> 00:24:32,510 bah-ha modulation with several Sigma 472 00:24:38,510 --> 00:24:35,580 significance we can say that there is a 473 00:24:40,460 --> 00:24:38,520 gas that is causing these differences 474 00:24:42,020 --> 00:24:40,470 basically so at different wavelengths 475 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:42,030 the planet is smaller or larger 476 00:24:45,610 --> 00:24:43,410 depending on what wavelength you're 477 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:45,620 looking at and this is at just one point 478 00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:48,170 across the star isn't it 479 00:24:53,630 --> 00:24:51,840 well we fully the entire I know you 480 00:24:57,170 --> 00:24:53,640 followed it across the entire transit 481 00:24:59,000 --> 00:24:57,180 but this is that one spot right well 482 00:25:04,370 --> 00:24:59,010 yeah that's kind of the you know that's 483 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:04,380 the oval approched eclipse step off the 484 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:07,170 entire transit I see okay so you had to 485 00:25:10,220 --> 00:25:08,760 extract two signals what I would 486 00:25:12,790 --> 00:25:10,230 emphasize this because this is amazing 487 00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:12,800 you had to extract it one at signal one 488 00:25:18,140 --> 00:25:15,510 ten-thousandth as bright as what was 489 00:25:19,820 --> 00:25:18,150 coming from that star and you did it you 490 00:25:21,350 --> 00:25:19,830 have these these vertical lines on this 491 00:25:23,660 --> 00:25:21,360 top graph are your error bars 492 00:25:26,420 --> 00:25:23,670 some of them presumably it means how 493 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:26,430 confident you are of this measurement 494 00:25:32,780 --> 00:25:29,850 correct yeah okay and so here so you 495 00:25:34,940 --> 00:25:32,790 saying that if it was a uniform rocky 496 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:34,950 planet that it would be flat but this is 497 00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:37,380 the flat this isn't black no this is far 498 00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:44,130 from flat and yeah well the surface is 499 00:25:48,590 --> 00:25:46,710 not uniform right so it means that there 500 00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:48,600 is something above this above the 501 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:54,770 okay 502 00:26:00,050 --> 00:25:56,490 the exciting thing right people we 503 00:26:04,670 --> 00:26:00,060 looked into two suburbs before GJ 1214 504 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:04,680 and HT 97 another one six five eight I 505 00:26:15,380 --> 00:26:12,690 had property so we just saw a perfectly 506 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:15,390 flat line and looking at it over and 507 00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:17,510 over and we looked with ground-based 508 00:26:24,830 --> 00:26:22,410 observatories and it's possible then 509 00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:24,840 that a telltale sign of an atmosphere is 510 00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:26,880 the the flatness of that particular 511 00:26:31,010 --> 00:26:29,550 looking graph in other exoplanets if you 512 00:26:32,930 --> 00:26:31,020 see that you can say well probably 513 00:26:35,330 --> 00:26:32,940 doesn't have an atmosphere well it does 514 00:26:37,190 --> 00:26:35,340 it like it's assumed that these planets 515 00:26:39,670 --> 00:26:37,200 have an atmosphere but have a cloud tech 516 00:26:42,670 --> 00:26:39,680 that hides any animal or 517 00:26:46,630 --> 00:26:42,680 would be the other sites uniform it's 518 00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:46,640 either rock or uniform okay cool great 519 00:26:51,010 --> 00:26:49,610 well so my understanding is that so 520 00:26:54,010 --> 00:26:51,020 you've shown the data points and then 521 00:26:57,910 --> 00:26:54,020 and then you do then you say well what 522 00:27:01,420 --> 00:26:57,920 can this be and then you make a hydrogen 523 00:27:04,690 --> 00:27:01,430 and helium model and that's the dashed 524 00:27:06,610 --> 00:27:04,700 orange line and you say oh okay that 525 00:27:08,830 --> 00:27:06,620 doesn't work either it's not flat and 526 00:27:10,780 --> 00:27:08,840 it's not just hydrogen and helium and 527 00:27:12,610 --> 00:27:10,790 then you try to figure out in addition 528 00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:12,620 to hydrogen and helium what else is 529 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:16,400 there is that the idea well with a 530 00:27:20,140 --> 00:27:18,410 priest step off you see and it's not 531 00:27:23,580 --> 00:27:20,150 flat and you panic because you think 532 00:27:29,530 --> 00:27:27,190 you didn't calibrate it properly or like 533 00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:29,540 a panic so they had to invent a clever 534 00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:34,880 technique to and I like panic driven 535 00:27:43,810 --> 00:27:42,110 software so that is so the bottom the 536 00:27:45,580 --> 00:27:43,820 bottom graph then is yours as Carol said 537 00:27:49,420 --> 00:27:45,590 that's your model of if it was just 538 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:49,430 hydrogen and helium and then actually I 539 00:27:54,220 --> 00:27:51,530 guess I don't understand some of this so 540 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:54,230 the the Spitzer data will help me 541 00:28:00,010 --> 00:27:56,330 understand this bottom graph okay so we 542 00:28:02,770 --> 00:28:00,020 have the same models we see above the 543 00:28:05,260 --> 00:28:02,780 orange line that shows the hydrogen 544 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:05,270 helium home the atmosphere and the model 545 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:08,090 with which includes the hydrogen cyanide 546 00:28:14,730 --> 00:28:10,730 at along in a longer wavelength range 547 00:28:17,020 --> 00:28:14,740 right so if we could have served is this 548 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:17,030 spectrum and in a longer wavelength 549 00:28:24,010 --> 00:28:20,090 range these would be the two models that 550 00:28:26,350 --> 00:28:24,020 we're looking at and saying that we 551 00:28:28,900 --> 00:28:26,360 cannot really distinguish between the h2 552 00:28:30,910 --> 00:28:28,910 and helium model and the HCM detection 553 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:30,920 so where we weren't actually claiming 554 00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:33,530 the full HCN detection but there is just 555 00:28:44,830 --> 00:28:41,900 an indication that hydrogen cyanide also 556 00:28:46,210 --> 00:28:44,840 qualifies so if you hear that I don't 557 00:28:50,940 --> 00:28:46,220 have to grind more coffee beans real 558 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:50,950 quick hold on I'll be back so 559 00:28:54,509 --> 00:28:52,570 really want to distinguish between the 560 00:28:57,330 --> 00:28:54,519 zoo models we need to go to longer 561 00:29:00,180 --> 00:28:57,340 wavelengths and and that's where James 562 00:29:02,330 --> 00:29:00,190 Webb will be able to do so that Spitzer 563 00:29:05,129 --> 00:29:02,340 point you see there that's the only 564 00:29:06,779 --> 00:29:05,139 symmetric point with a super large error 565 00:29:11,899 --> 00:29:06,789 bar that we have that doesn't really 566 00:29:18,389 --> 00:29:15,899 just for people to to look at this and 567 00:29:21,359 --> 00:29:18,399 understand if you look at the lower you 568 00:29:23,669 --> 00:29:21,369 lower one you see a rectangle and the 569 00:29:26,279 --> 00:29:23,679 rectangle is where the Wide Field Camera 570 00:29:29,609 --> 00:29:26,289 3 data is if I understand this correctly 571 00:29:31,830 --> 00:29:29,619 and that is expanded above so you can 572 00:29:34,529 --> 00:29:31,840 see it spread out more but the whole 573 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:34,539 model covers the whole wavelength region 574 00:29:38,849 --> 00:29:37,210 and this is the demonstration that okay 575 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:38,859 Spitzer didn't give us enough data 576 00:29:47,729 --> 00:29:40,570 points boy we would like to have some 577 00:29:50,489 --> 00:29:47,739 James Webb okay now one of the 578 00:29:53,310 --> 00:29:50,499 trademarks of hydrogen cyanide being in 579 00:30:02,399 --> 00:29:53,320 an atmosphere is that hydrogen cyanide 580 00:30:05,879 --> 00:30:02,409 is an indicator of a very high carbon to 581 00:30:08,639 --> 00:30:05,889 oxygen okay so that means there is a lot 582 00:30:11,899 --> 00:30:08,649 of carbon in this in this atmosphere as 583 00:30:14,190 --> 00:30:11,909 well what is that what is that 584 00:30:17,460 --> 00:30:14,200 indicative of anything as but as far as 585 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:17,470 the habitability of the planet or 586 00:30:22,259 --> 00:30:19,090 Maynard's or anything oh my god it's too 587 00:30:23,909 --> 00:30:22,269 hard yes well I know the reason whether 588 00:30:26,690 --> 00:30:23,919 all the tardigrades on their turn to 589 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:26,700 charcoal yeah like we'd seen for them 590 00:30:33,859 --> 00:30:31,330 see I like hot hot planets oh well you 591 00:30:36,659 --> 00:30:33,869 could go back to Florida 592 00:30:38,489 --> 00:30:36,669 alright so know this that this this is 593 00:30:39,899 --> 00:30:38,499 an indicator of having a very high ratio 594 00:30:41,159 --> 00:30:39,909 of carbon to oxygen and I just want to 595 00:30:43,710 --> 00:30:41,169 talk a little bit about what that might 596 00:30:46,859 --> 00:30:43,720 mean as far as the other aspects of the 597 00:30:48,619 --> 00:30:46,869 nature of this planet right I mean there 598 00:30:51,119 --> 00:30:48,629 were the previous studies that evening 599 00:30:54,269 --> 00:30:51,129 the carbon to oxygen ratio is so high 600 00:30:58,109 --> 00:30:54,279 that the entire inside of 55 countries 601 00:31:00,269 --> 00:30:58,119 made out of diamonds so I don't know 602 00:31:02,430 --> 00:31:00,279 whether that's no confirmed or not I 603 00:31:04,110 --> 00:31:02,440 mean it's been debates it's massively in 604 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:04,120 the fields but 605 00:31:07,890 --> 00:31:06,010 not the first measurement that shows 606 00:31:09,870 --> 00:31:07,900 that they may potentially be quite a lot 607 00:31:12,090 --> 00:31:09,880 of carbon in there so highly reduced 608 00:31:14,340 --> 00:31:12,100 atmosphere 609 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:14,350 so you see Scott it isn't out now it is 610 00:31:23,430 --> 00:31:16,330 a pretty fun place to go lots of time 611 00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:23,440 yeah that's all me Justin I'm Scottish I 612 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:25,510 will just like I go outside here now you 613 00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:27,370 person the flames going there we're just 614 00:31:35,340 --> 00:31:31,890 yeah yeah that was the sunburn would be 615 00:31:37,050 --> 00:31:35,350 quite supreme alright well so now that 616 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:37,060 you've got this technique down and 617 00:31:41,220 --> 00:31:39,850 you've been looking at super-earth and 618 00:31:42,570 --> 00:31:41,230 you've got a pretty good idea of its 619 00:31:44,190 --> 00:31:42,580 atmosphere the fact that it even has one 620 00:31:47,340 --> 00:31:44,200 and hopefully we've shown a lot of 621 00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:47,350 people what that's like to to you know 622 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:48,910 be able to determine whether some of 623 00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:50,410 these exits are super-earths have a name 624 00:31:55,220 --> 00:31:53,290 have a plot atmosphere and I are you 625 00:31:57,510 --> 00:31:55,230 gonna be turning this technique to other 626 00:31:59,070 --> 00:31:57,520 other systems are you doing are you 627 00:32:03,320 --> 00:31:59,080 spreading this out a little bit more is 628 00:32:09,270 --> 00:32:03,330 it more work to be done on them by Carol 629 00:32:12,420 --> 00:32:09,280 yeah well there we expect also in the 630 00:32:12,870 --> 00:32:12,430 future for more closed super-earth to be 631 00:32:16,740 --> 00:32:12,880 found 632 00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:16,750 so there are missions that are dedicated 633 00:32:24,510 --> 00:32:20,710 to finding small planets around closeby 634 00:32:26,460 --> 00:32:24,520 stars but since I start these things 635 00:32:28,230 --> 00:32:26,470 Lisa starts with going to be close by 636 00:32:31,470 --> 00:32:28,240 we're going to have the same problem 637 00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:31,480 with Hubble we need to use the same the 638 00:32:42,030 --> 00:32:36,910 same technique and so use the Hubble to 639 00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:42,040 scan for these targets so we will meet 640 00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:43,810 we'll have to use the same technique 641 00:32:48,270 --> 00:32:45,910 there's no alternative route that's 642 00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:48,280 right the problem so far is that we 643 00:32:59,540 --> 00:32:56,720 can be served with three or you know any 644 00:33:02,790 --> 00:32:59,550 telescope so what we really want is to 645 00:33:06,270 --> 00:33:02,800 have new super Hertz and then you'll be 646 00:33:13,170 --> 00:33:06,280 able to there are a few others that you 647 00:33:14,910 --> 00:33:13,180 observed yet so we will serve these yes 648 00:33:16,740 --> 00:33:14,920 that's a good point I guess it's not 649 00:33:17,820 --> 00:33:16,750 enough to just have Hubble observations 650 00:33:20,549 --> 00:33:17,830 of these 651 00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:20,559 you've got to have the specifics smeared 652 00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:23,440 observations why your technique and 653 00:33:27,930 --> 00:33:25,570 extract the signal from the planet out 654 00:33:30,330 --> 00:33:27,940 so you really got to redo this unique 655 00:33:33,740 --> 00:33:30,340 atomic so I mean there's you know the 656 00:33:36,330 --> 00:33:33,750 NASA has the test mission approved and 657 00:33:38,820 --> 00:33:36,340 right passes transiting exoplanet survey 658 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:38,830 satellite that's gonna be launched next 659 00:33:45,299 --> 00:33:42,130 year right yes and tests will just 660 00:33:48,690 --> 00:33:45,309 provide a hopefully hopefully fantastic 661 00:33:52,519 --> 00:33:48,700 amount of closeby suburbs at least you 662 00:33:57,419 --> 00:33:55,769 but will that will that signal be it 663 00:33:58,830 --> 00:33:57,429 won't be the smeared type you'll you 664 00:34:00,570 --> 00:33:58,840 won't need it tests will be able to do 665 00:34:03,090 --> 00:34:00,580 this in a way that doesn't saturate 666 00:34:05,549 --> 00:34:03,100 things right finds them this is just a 667 00:34:07,889 --> 00:34:05,559 photomeatery mission right so it's 668 00:34:09,780 --> 00:34:07,899 similar to Kepler but it looks like the 669 00:34:14,060 --> 00:34:09,790 close by stars Kepler looks at the very 670 00:34:16,470 --> 00:34:14,070 far away condemned to faint was actually 671 00:34:19,099 --> 00:34:16,480 so we have loads of super-earths in the 672 00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:19,109 Kepler view but they're just two things 673 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:22,990 well say some Queen we're sorry to get a 674 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:24,970 few questions in from the YouTube chest 675 00:34:28,919 --> 00:34:26,770 let me get those out just to be clear 676 00:34:38,849 --> 00:34:28,929 they want more super-earths and they 677 00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:38,859 want in jwc time you know i want to use 678 00:34:44,609 --> 00:34:42,040 a telescope that's the area of a tennis 679 00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:44,619 court four stories tall and I want more 680 00:34:53,810 --> 00:34:49,810 planets that send them their way I'll 681 00:34:57,540 --> 00:34:55,710 you know what Carol I think we've ever 682 00:35:06,660 --> 00:34:57,550 had anybody on this hangout that said 683 00:35:10,020 --> 00:35:06,670 they'd wanted less I don't need any more 684 00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:10,030 thank you there's somebody there's a 685 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:11,800 question here about whether you recorded 686 00:35:18,329 --> 00:35:14,650 several how many transits did you record 687 00:35:21,240 --> 00:35:18,339 of 55 Cancri was it just one to two 688 00:35:24,420 --> 00:35:21,250 transits okay good and Ken Brandt is 689 00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:24,430 asking is the planet tidally locked I 690 00:35:28,050 --> 00:35:26,650 wonder what it the Nightside temp is 691 00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:28,060 like is it tightly locked first of all 692 00:35:31,359 --> 00:35:30,430 it is at least that's what we assume it 693 00:35:37,210 --> 00:35:31,369 is 694 00:35:42,309 --> 00:35:37,220 Kelvin that's about 700 800 Kelvin 695 00:35:44,289 --> 00:35:42,319 colder 700-800 okay so that's quite a 696 00:35:46,059 --> 00:35:44,299 difference so we have a couple of artist 697 00:35:47,589 --> 00:35:46,069 impressions and maybe maybe Scott could 698 00:35:50,109 --> 00:35:47,599 put one of those up we'll take a look at 699 00:35:53,370 --> 00:35:50,119 that briefly of what and putting all 700 00:35:55,180 --> 00:35:53,380 this information together you know as 701 00:35:56,620 --> 00:35:55,190 astronomers do they'd like to make these 702 00:35:59,079 --> 00:35:56,630 artist impressions of what they think it 703 00:36:01,750 --> 00:35:59,089 might look like and so here we're 704 00:36:05,079 --> 00:36:01,760 looking at a planet very close to a star 705 00:36:08,190 --> 00:36:05,089 boy the the the Sun is gonna be very 706 00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:08,200 high in the sky big in the sky that's 707 00:36:12,339 --> 00:36:11,240 and you're saying and it's red you were 708 00:36:15,609 --> 00:36:12,349 saying earlier that it was primarily 709 00:36:17,980 --> 00:36:15,619 lava right yeah because of the tidal 710 00:36:19,690 --> 00:36:17,990 forces and the eatin and all the and 711 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:19,700 it's amazing that it even has is I just 712 00:36:24,670 --> 00:36:23,210 why do you think the the solar wind from 713 00:36:32,670 --> 00:36:24,680 the star doesn't blow the atmosphere 714 00:36:34,839 --> 00:36:32,680 away absolutely no idea at this stage 715 00:36:38,170 --> 00:36:34,849 okay cuz that yeah would seem to be a 716 00:36:39,339 --> 00:36:38,180 pretty big factor in and whether it had 717 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:39,349 an atmosphere or not that's pretty good 718 00:36:43,890 --> 00:36:42,530 what people do this it would have like a 719 00:36:46,780 --> 00:36:43,900 hydrogen atmosphere it's it's 720 00:36:49,329 --> 00:36:46,790 necessarily expected so there may either 721 00:36:53,079 --> 00:36:49,339 be a process where you can hang on to 722 00:36:56,250 --> 00:36:53,089 its original hydrogen core or some 723 00:37:00,549 --> 00:36:56,260 replenishing from a surface chemistry 724 00:37:05,230 --> 00:37:00,559 the outgassing hydrogen constantly yeah 725 00:37:07,240 --> 00:37:05,240 so yeah so this would be and this was a 726 00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:07,250 web what remind me it was one point how 727 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:09,910 big was larger than the earth one point 728 00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:19,059 rady ninth larger than the earth so 729 00:37:22,299 --> 00:37:20,930 that's pretty it's pretty big okay so 730 00:37:24,730 --> 00:37:22,309 and so that answers your question 731 00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:24,740 strikes I strike wonder how long that 732 00:37:28,180 --> 00:37:26,210 atmosphere will deal with the solar wind 733 00:37:30,130 --> 00:37:28,190 situation so that's a good question so 734 00:37:33,099 --> 00:37:30,140 that that's something I guess everybody 735 00:37:35,289 --> 00:37:33,109 would like to find out the idea that 736 00:37:38,319 --> 00:37:35,299 apparently the atmosphere may just be 737 00:37:40,539 --> 00:37:38,329 chance you know permanence that's that 738 00:37:43,020 --> 00:37:40,549 it may lose and regain its atmosphere no 739 00:37:45,210 --> 00:37:43,030 guessing so 740 00:37:47,010 --> 00:37:45,220 his observations looked at it and they 741 00:37:49,290 --> 00:37:47,020 didn't find an atmosphere we found a 742 00:37:51,150 --> 00:37:49,300 pretty clear signal in two different 743 00:37:52,890 --> 00:37:51,160 transits so there may be you know there 744 00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:52,900 may be some you may not be a permanent 745 00:37:56,850 --> 00:37:55,330 atmosphere together I see you're saying 746 00:38:00,450 --> 00:37:56,860 that because of the tidal forces on the 747 00:38:02,670 --> 00:38:00,460 planet the the the stuff is underneath 748 00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:02,680 that lava whatever it could be just 749 00:38:08,490 --> 00:38:05,650 gases pouring out of thee okay that's 750 00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:08,500 their point that you saw in the previous 751 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:12,400 drop was an average of several transits 752 00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:14,650 that were observed with Spitzer and a 753 00:38:21,090 --> 00:38:16,510 previous study from a few months ago 754 00:38:23,310 --> 00:38:21,100 actually showed that apparently it's our 755 00:38:25,320 --> 00:38:23,320 data point is varying a lot indicating 756 00:38:29,370 --> 00:38:25,330 that maybe these a series is probably 757 00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:29,380 changing in size that's how you would 758 00:38:33,450 --> 00:38:31,690 know you though if those if those data 759 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:33,460 points were moving around pretty rapidly 760 00:38:38,130 --> 00:38:34,810 it wouldn't be a very stable atmosphere 761 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:38,140 be something gushing out of it and sort 762 00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:40,810 of you know certain would Spitzer so you 763 00:38:55,670 --> 00:38:44,650 know so the thing is you know once we 764 00:39:00,630 --> 00:38:58,860 waiting for you hurry up all right the 765 00:39:02,370 --> 00:39:00,640 the nebulous princess is asking the 766 00:39:05,490 --> 00:39:02,380 question can the presence of an 767 00:39:07,110 --> 00:39:05,500 atmosphere that close to its star be 768 00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:07,120 used to infer anything about whether 769 00:39:11,730 --> 00:39:10,570 this has a magnetic field I mean do we 770 00:39:15,620 --> 00:39:11,740 know anything can no can we learn 771 00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:17,340 just because it has an atmosphere 772 00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:19,090 doesn't mean you've got a magnetic field 773 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:29,710 by the way look like we don't know you 774 00:39:34,710 --> 00:39:32,170 know that active geologically it might 775 00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:34,720 have some kind of if it's outgassing it 776 00:39:41,670 --> 00:39:39,130 might have whether it's a global dynamo 777 00:39:44,790 --> 00:39:41,680 it's not clear we know that the density 778 00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:44,800 of the pine is quite low but we don't 779 00:39:48,420 --> 00:39:46,570 know more about this and all of the core 780 00:39:51,020 --> 00:39:48,430 sorry say that again the density is low 781 00:39:54,180 --> 00:39:51,030 you said densities right low so the 782 00:39:56,390 --> 00:39:54,190 planet is quite large operate for a 783 00:39:58,730 --> 00:39:56,400 earth white planner for a rocky planet 784 00:40:03,650 --> 00:39:58,740 for a planet that is eight times heavier 785 00:40:05,749 --> 00:40:03,660 than the earth yeah quite large how do 786 00:40:07,460 --> 00:40:05,759 you so where do you get that house how 787 00:40:09,460 --> 00:40:07,470 do you get the density from that I'm 788 00:40:13,069 --> 00:40:09,470 very curious about that so you know 789 00:40:15,380 --> 00:40:13,079 entity comes from you combined combined 790 00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:15,390 measurement of transits and radial 791 00:40:22,009 --> 00:40:18,650 velocity so from visual velocity is the 792 00:40:22,970 --> 00:40:22,019 pulling star goes around ok sure because 793 00:40:24,499 --> 00:40:22,980 that would tell you about its mass 794 00:40:26,509 --> 00:40:24,509 that's right that's a good point ok good 795 00:40:28,999 --> 00:40:26,519 so you also measure the wobble of the 796 00:40:31,430 --> 00:40:29,009 star with with with c3 as well okay 797 00:40:33,739 --> 00:40:31,440 basically measurements are from other 798 00:40:34,720 --> 00:40:33,749 ways through Maps so abscissas 799 00:40:39,829 --> 00:40:34,730 high-precision 800 00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:39,839 spectrograph Oh Monsieur I mean very 801 00:40:44,989 --> 00:40:42,720 high-resolution spectroscopy to observe 802 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:44,999 the shift of the lines of the stars due 803 00:40:57,680 --> 00:40:54,930 to such a small planet right so the 804 00:40:59,900 --> 00:40:57,690 difference between radio velocity and 805 00:41:01,400 --> 00:40:59,910 the transit method they each have their 806 00:41:03,019 --> 00:41:01,410 own strengths of weaknesses I each tell 807 00:41:05,809 --> 00:41:03,029 you something different about the planet 808 00:41:07,759 --> 00:41:05,819 in the case of a transit you can learn a 809 00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:07,769 lot about its size because of how much 810 00:41:11,870 --> 00:41:09,450 it blocks the star's light and from the 811 00:41:14,210 --> 00:41:11,880 radio velocity how massive it is because 812 00:41:16,069 --> 00:41:14,220 of how much it tugs on the star except 813 00:41:17,180 --> 00:41:16,079 you have to compensate for all the other 814 00:41:20,569 --> 00:41:17,190 planets that are out there which I'm 815 00:41:22,099 --> 00:41:20,579 sure you guys do as well right so you 816 00:41:24,049 --> 00:41:22,109 can kind of get a sense of how massive 817 00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:24,059 this planet is minus all the other 818 00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:26,160 planets pulling on the star yeah right 819 00:41:30,890 --> 00:41:28,710 in the radial velocity the measurements 820 00:41:33,319 --> 00:41:30,900 they takings are gone but they are not 821 00:41:37,309 --> 00:41:33,329 transiting so for us they are not 822 00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:37,319 affecting anything so this just read 823 00:41:45,229 --> 00:41:38,910 let's just summarize a little bit here 824 00:41:47,809 --> 00:41:45,239 voting group on this but I want to know 825 00:41:49,849 --> 00:41:47,819 about this planetary system because what 826 00:41:52,190 --> 00:41:49,859 Angela just said was important that I 827 00:41:53,749 --> 00:41:52,200 had read about it but this is it has a 828 00:41:56,779 --> 00:41:53,759 bunch of planets but this is you only 829 00:41:57,559 --> 00:41:56,789 transmit one yes good that raised your 830 00:42:01,700 --> 00:41:57,569 question here 831 00:42:04,819 --> 00:42:01,710 anyway go ahead say was these guys have 832 00:42:07,069 --> 00:42:04,829 looked at a star smeared it out over a 833 00:42:09,480 --> 00:42:07,079 over a camera that has numerous 834 00:42:12,690 --> 00:42:09,490 spectrograph picked out a cig 835 00:42:15,810 --> 00:42:12,700 10,000 times dimmer than the star it was 836 00:42:17,579 --> 00:42:15,820 orbiting figured out what it was the 837 00:42:19,770 --> 00:42:17,589 atmosphere that first of all they had an 838 00:42:21,420 --> 00:42:19,780 atmosphere and that it went what it was 839 00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:21,430 on and hydrogen cyanide among other 840 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:29,890 things and that they also were able to 841 00:42:33,690 --> 00:42:32,170 look at a radial velocity met images 842 00:42:35,670 --> 00:42:33,700 from other instruments to get a sense of 843 00:42:38,730 --> 00:42:35,680 the mass of this planet and having to 844 00:42:40,740 --> 00:42:38,740 deal with all the other planets in that 845 00:42:42,990 --> 00:42:40,750 system I mean this is the kind of work 846 00:42:45,329 --> 00:42:43,000 that blows my mind because of all the 847 00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:45,339 things you've got it account for not 848 00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:47,710 even to mention all the idiosyncrasies 849 00:42:51,089 --> 00:42:49,330 involved in the data itself you got to 850 00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:51,099 calibrate all the instrument effects out 851 00:42:54,660 --> 00:42:53,050 I mean this is amazing stuff as far as 852 00:42:58,320 --> 00:42:54,670 the signal and what we're able to learn 853 00:43:00,839 --> 00:42:58,330 from just literally a few photons just I 854 00:43:02,700 --> 00:43:00,849 just always in office so the system 855 00:43:03,870 --> 00:43:02,710 itself Carol wants to learn a little bit 856 00:43:05,310 --> 00:43:03,880 more of the system itself we've already 857 00:43:07,890 --> 00:43:05,320 talked about there's five other four 858 00:43:09,329 --> 00:43:07,900 other planets I think so but they're not 859 00:43:13,650 --> 00:43:09,339 transiting what are they doing are they 860 00:43:17,450 --> 00:43:13,660 doing some kind of you know just not 861 00:43:20,339 --> 00:43:17,460 looking like perfectly edge-on that's 862 00:43:22,260 --> 00:43:20,349 you know one yes the other ones are just 863 00:43:24,599 --> 00:43:22,270 a bit you know not transiting in our 864 00:43:29,730 --> 00:43:24,609 line of sight but they're they're doing 865 00:43:34,320 --> 00:43:29,740 fine yeah they gave us a phone call 866 00:43:39,630 --> 00:43:34,330 they're like no no worries with you 867 00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:39,640 right now it's it's it's you not me it's 868 00:43:43,530 --> 00:43:41,230 because we're not transiting you know 869 00:43:47,570 --> 00:43:43,540 like as much that's fine we'll just sit 870 00:43:55,740 --> 00:43:50,339 but it's important at least they've been 871 00:43:57,420 --> 00:43:55,750 found okay so presumably that was solely 872 00:43:58,530 --> 00:43:57,430 from the radio velocity method right I 873 00:44:00,660 --> 00:43:58,540 mean there's no other way to really tell 874 00:44:02,190 --> 00:44:00,670 so that's that's all you have you should 875 00:44:04,290 --> 00:44:02,200 point out that there's a real bias to 876 00:44:05,940 --> 00:44:04,300 the transit method and that bias is that 877 00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:05,950 we're we're only talking about planets 878 00:44:10,140 --> 00:44:07,450 Kepler that's all it looked at were 879 00:44:12,780 --> 00:44:10,150 these dips and brightness but that and 880 00:44:14,130 --> 00:44:12,790 it came up with an estimate of or came 881 00:44:17,250 --> 00:44:14,140 up with a lot you know 5,000 plus 882 00:44:19,470 --> 00:44:17,260 candidate planets around stars that it 883 00:44:21,630 --> 00:44:19,480 160,000 or so stars it was looking at 884 00:44:23,220 --> 00:44:21,640 but that doesn't mean that's all there 885 00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:23,230 was it's just how many were 886 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:24,640 happened to be passing in between the 887 00:44:29,370 --> 00:44:27,490 star and the Kepler telescope and the 888 00:44:31,080 --> 00:44:29,380 same is true here there are so many 889 00:44:33,030 --> 00:44:31,090 planets and they've come up that and so 890 00:44:36,030 --> 00:44:33,040 they've extrapolated and I'm not sure 891 00:44:38,849 --> 00:44:36,040 what the what the method they used to do 892 00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:38,859 that was but if you look at the transits 893 00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:41,170 we can see and then you extrapolate that 894 00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:42,910 in some intelligent way they have come 895 00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:45,490 up with the figure of 1.6 planets for 896 00:44:51,210 --> 00:44:48,970 every star on average in our galaxy and 897 00:44:52,530 --> 00:44:51,220 so those are apparently include a lot of 898 00:44:55,290 --> 00:44:52,540 the ones that we can't see or that 899 00:44:57,599 --> 00:44:55,300 aren't transiting as well so the the 900 00:44:59,370 --> 00:44:57,609 radial velocity method though that is 901 00:45:01,109 --> 00:44:59,380 not that it's not suffer from that same 902 00:45:06,890 --> 00:45:01,119 bias will see it no matter where they 903 00:45:15,510 --> 00:45:09,060 well if they rotate okay so we're 904 00:45:18,210 --> 00:45:15,520 looking from the top of the plane of the 905 00:45:19,859 --> 00:45:18,220 wobble no matter what well yeah it was 906 00:45:22,410 --> 00:45:19,869 but then we wouldn't be seeing it then 907 00:45:25,080 --> 00:45:22,420 we'd be seeing astrometry so Gaia would 908 00:45:29,670 --> 00:45:25,090 pick up on the you know ninety degree 909 00:45:31,290 --> 00:45:29,680 angle to the to the plane once some guy 910 00:45:33,810 --> 00:45:31,300 is probably gonna find another ten 911 00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:33,820 thousand planets or so because let's 912 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:35,650 talk about Gaia Gaia is tell us a little 913 00:45:42,060 --> 00:45:37,810 bit about that guy is amazing I love 914 00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:42,070 Gaia God big thumbs up from Scott on 915 00:45:48,780 --> 00:45:47,050 Gaia Gaia okay guy is her is his friend 916 00:45:49,680 --> 00:45:48,790 okay but tell us a little bit Keith 917 00:45:51,840 --> 00:45:49,690 could give us a little background on 918 00:45:55,770 --> 00:45:51,850 what guy is gonna do them well it's 919 00:45:57,750 --> 00:45:55,780 astronomy from a tree mission that's 920 00:46:00,330 --> 00:45:57,760 currently flying mapping all the closeby 921 00:46:03,270 --> 00:46:00,340 stars and and figuring out the parallax 922 00:46:06,180 --> 00:46:03,280 distances to till the stars really high 923 00:46:08,460 --> 00:46:06,190 precision but as a sight product that 924 00:46:11,010 --> 00:46:08,470 the Gaia pipeline actually has a little 925 00:46:14,250 --> 00:46:11,020 extra planet module attached to it which 926 00:46:17,460 --> 00:46:14,260 just looks for tiny little bubbles of 927 00:46:19,290 --> 00:46:17,470 the star and and then essentially the 928 00:46:21,060 --> 00:46:19,300 same thing that radial velocity just 929 00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:21,070 looked at from a from a completely 930 00:46:26,130 --> 00:46:23,770 different angle depending they start 931 00:46:28,410 --> 00:46:26,140 going away in towards us you know left 932 00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:28,420 and right and taking spectra actually 933 00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:31,410 take images and you can see the star 934 00:46:36,270 --> 00:46:34,210 moving right and so for those of you 935 00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:36,280 don't know astrometry is this is the 936 00:46:38,520 --> 00:46:36,940 study 937 00:46:40,530 --> 00:46:38,530 you know measuring exactly where 938 00:46:42,750 --> 00:46:40,540 something has in its distance about from 939 00:46:44,940 --> 00:46:42,760 us so that's what astrometry doesn't guy 940 00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:44,950 is gonna be well-suited to help us find 941 00:46:50,160 --> 00:46:48,640 that out for a lot of stars so that's 942 00:46:52,380 --> 00:46:50,170 gotta that's an important mission that's 943 00:46:55,859 --> 00:46:52,390 uh that's what is that that's happening 944 00:46:57,690 --> 00:46:55,869 soon right well it's flying now yeah 945 00:47:02,059 --> 00:46:57,700 it's already you know we talked about 946 00:47:09,180 --> 00:47:02,069 before but yeah it's launched what 2013 947 00:47:17,720 --> 00:47:09,190 data release you need to wait many many 948 00:47:24,089 --> 00:47:22,470 the orbit that's right you need to be 949 00:47:27,450 --> 00:47:24,099 the time series to really get the knack 950 00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:27,460 your measurement of the motions of these 951 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:29,410 things which blows me away in another 952 00:47:31,290 --> 00:47:30,490 way too but that just the fact that 953 00:47:33,750 --> 00:47:31,300 we're doing that at all is just 954 00:47:36,450 --> 00:47:33,760 astonishing but the so getting back to 955 00:47:41,309 --> 00:47:36,460 your super earth measurements here with 956 00:47:43,770 --> 00:47:41,319 55 Cancri E V the since you were able to 957 00:47:45,750 --> 00:47:43,780 detect the atmosphere or in some of its 958 00:47:48,420 --> 00:47:45,760 components using this new technique I 959 00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:48,430 can imagine that you could also use it 960 00:47:53,089 --> 00:47:51,310 couldn't you for things like hot 961 00:47:55,410 --> 00:47:53,099 Jupiters or other planets that are 962 00:47:57,420 --> 00:47:55,420 passing or orbiting around other stars 963 00:47:59,190 --> 00:47:57,430 for I have you have you mean we can 964 00:48:00,420 --> 00:47:59,200 learn more about their compositions as 965 00:48:02,849 --> 00:48:00,430 well that's using this technique 966 00:48:05,370 --> 00:48:02,859 couldn't we and it might be easier 967 00:48:11,329 --> 00:48:05,380 because maybe the photon signal might be 968 00:48:13,650 --> 00:48:11,339 higher most of the observations of 969 00:48:15,690 --> 00:48:13,660 atmospheres but exoplanetary atmospheres 970 00:48:18,150 --> 00:48:15,700 had been done using contributors because 971 00:48:20,910 --> 00:48:18,160 the signal is much much stronger and 972 00:48:22,380 --> 00:48:20,920 it's much easier to observe signal 973 00:48:24,690 --> 00:48:22,390 because the signal is stronger 974 00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:24,700 it's very extended atmospheres made of 975 00:48:30,990 --> 00:48:28,720 hydrogen while turning to super fertile 976 00:48:33,359 --> 00:48:31,000 atmospheres the atoms are smaller and 977 00:48:36,569 --> 00:48:33,369 are often assumed to be dominated by 978 00:48:39,390 --> 00:48:36,579 heavier gases and heavier gases will 979 00:48:42,150 --> 00:48:39,400 have smaller molecular features which 980 00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:42,160 will be even more difficult to detect so 981 00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:48,810 this technique of scanning basically 982 00:48:52,820 --> 00:48:50,170 looping out 983 00:48:55,680 --> 00:48:52,830 of course the star is very useful for 984 00:48:57,860 --> 00:48:55,690 smaller planets with more names 985 00:49:01,500 --> 00:48:57,870 atmospheres of course it's also used 986 00:49:03,960 --> 00:49:01,510 right and the relations are loved most 987 00:49:06,360 --> 00:49:03,970 of the observations contributors right 988 00:49:08,550 --> 00:49:06,370 now are coming in a scanning mode 989 00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:08,560 because even for hot Jupiters the 990 00:49:13,890 --> 00:49:10,780 brighter is a star the star the better 991 00:49:16,440 --> 00:49:13,900 CL we have so we're taking advantage of 992 00:49:18,990 --> 00:49:16,450 these cunning even 402 meters we prefer 993 00:49:20,460 --> 00:49:19,000 to close by stops generally right and 994 00:49:22,020 --> 00:49:20,470 because then you're saying because of 995 00:49:24,120 --> 00:49:22,030 the sensitivity of whoops III you were 996 00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:24,130 able you needed to do this this scanning 997 00:49:31,950 --> 00:49:26,110 technique but to other instruments also 998 00:49:32,610 --> 00:49:31,960 use it very specific to FC three way 999 00:49:35,550 --> 00:49:32,620 you've come up with 1000 00:49:38,190 --> 00:49:35,560 yeah and they started up with complete 1001 00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:38,200 and and realized you know we can't 1002 00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:40,210 actually Dominican expand it related 1003 00:49:51,810 --> 00:49:43,450 just for the painter targets and that's 1004 00:49:55,950 --> 00:49:51,820 the ISO introduced on those two as well 1005 00:49:57,720 --> 00:49:55,960 2012 and you know they they try to play 1006 00:49:59,100 --> 00:49:57,730 a bit with that and they took a few 1007 00:50:01,530 --> 00:49:59,110 years to figure out how to keep the 1008 00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:01,540 telescope stable right because it has 1009 00:50:06,320 --> 00:50:03,310 the reaction wheels basically turning 1010 00:50:11,010 --> 00:50:06,330 and it's completely out of the box 1011 00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:11,020 measurements you guys need to be careful 1012 00:50:19,650 --> 00:50:12,610 with how well don't be breaking it with 1013 00:50:21,090 --> 00:50:19,660 your weird three all right well that's 1014 00:50:22,200 --> 00:50:21,100 great I want to thank this has been very 1015 00:50:24,090 --> 00:50:22,210 interesting you want to thank you guys 1016 00:50:25,410 --> 00:50:24,100 let me check in with Scott have you have 1017 00:50:26,700 --> 00:50:25,420 you given me all the comments and 1018 00:50:28,340 --> 00:50:26,710 questions that you've seen so far is 1019 00:50:30,510 --> 00:50:28,350 there anything on Twitter 1020 00:50:32,880 --> 00:50:30,520 the only other things we've actually 1021 00:50:33,510 --> 00:50:32,890 answered while on air so everything else 1022 00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:33,520 has been great 1023 00:50:39,030 --> 00:50:35,410 alright alright Carol D everything you 1024 00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:39,040 like to add and no I I think this is 1025 00:50:44,280 --> 00:50:42,010 like astonishing this to invent great 1026 00:50:46,860 --> 00:50:44,290 software technique and analyze the data 1027 00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:46,870 this way and I think that the drifting 1028 00:50:52,650 --> 00:50:50,110 of the telescope it's tricky but wow the 1029 00:50:55,890 --> 00:50:52,660 payoff is big so that's the thing about 1030 00:50:58,440 --> 00:50:55,900 Hubble now is that you know as soon as 1031 00:51:00,660 --> 00:50:58,450 an instrument is put on everybody has a 1032 00:51:03,210 --> 00:51:00,670 collection of things they want to do and 1033 00:51:04,390 --> 00:51:03,220 the great thing about the fact that 1034 00:51:06,549 --> 00:51:04,400 Hubble has been 1035 00:51:09,549 --> 00:51:06,559 for a while is now we can really think 1036 00:51:13,569 --> 00:51:09,559 about these new unique innovative ways 1037 00:51:15,430 --> 00:51:13,579 of using the telescope and you know 1038 00:51:20,249 --> 00:51:15,440 nobody would have been excuse me 1039 00:51:25,420 --> 00:51:23,440 all right so what's next for you guys 1040 00:51:26,710 --> 00:51:25,430 anything what are you gonna do now in 1041 00:51:29,440 --> 00:51:26,720 the chief Oh are you going to Disney 1042 00:51:45,430 --> 00:51:29,450 World or some countries yeah they're 1043 00:51:46,599 --> 00:51:45,440 going to the pub okay so okay well I 1044 00:51:47,890 --> 00:51:46,609 guess that's it what I want to thank you 1045 00:51:49,390 --> 00:51:47,900 all I thank you guys very much for 1046 00:51:51,279 --> 00:51:49,400 taking the time out to share your 1047 00:51:52,960 --> 00:51:51,289 research with us this is amazing stuff 1048 00:51:54,489 --> 00:51:52,970 I'm really impressed with the way in 1049 00:51:56,680 --> 00:51:54,499 which not only you guys are using the 1050 00:51:59,440 --> 00:51:56,690 Hubble and whips III but this processing 1051 00:52:02,890 --> 00:51:59,450 technique as well I'm hoping that we get 1052 00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:02,900 say there's a phone part that's you the 1053 00:52:09,910 --> 00:52:08,210 Sun Wow okay well been the only one and 1054 00:52:11,739 --> 00:52:09,920 all of our years has never had my phone 1055 00:52:20,099 --> 00:52:11,749 ring while on here because I'm a 1056 00:52:20,109 --> 00:52:28,410 no actually my phone goes off like crazy 1057 00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:30,789 they know how pretty I am they see me on 1058 00:52:38,620 --> 00:52:35,410 air and like oh Scott and I'm lying so 1059 00:52:40,150 --> 00:52:38,630 alright alright guys well thank you guys 1060 00:52:43,239 --> 00:52:40,160 I want to like I said oh and thank you 1061 00:52:44,859 --> 00:52:43,249 guys for taking hope that you will let 1062 00:52:46,809 --> 00:52:44,869 us know if the next big the next big 1063 00:52:49,299 --> 00:52:46,819 thing that you guys do with Hubble we're 1064 00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:49,309 looking for I'm wanting the app I'm 1065 00:52:53,170 --> 00:52:51,170 waiting for the app to come out that 1066 00:53:00,870 --> 00:52:53,180 shows you know how I want to be this 1067 00:53:10,630 --> 00:53:03,789 it's like Astro tinder you're like smear 1068 00:53:14,289 --> 00:53:10,640 left for that and you remember you gotta 1069 00:53:16,240 --> 00:53:14,299 here and money in San Francisco you need 1070 00:53:22,480 --> 00:53:16,250 my trademark Astro tinder real quick 1071 00:53:35,080 --> 00:53:22,490 be right back your left smear right and 1072 00:53:36,460 --> 00:53:35,090 you got it there's your Tigers that just 1073 00:53:41,080 --> 00:53:36,470 won't put that out there no pictures of 1074 00:53:43,420 --> 00:53:41,090 the Tigers Angeles Angeles TRS Ingo 1075 00:53:44,740 --> 00:53:43,430 Waldman and Marco Roach a doe from all 1076 00:53:46,150 --> 00:53:44,750 from the University College at London 1077 00:53:48,970 --> 00:53:46,160 thank you for taking time out to talk to 1078 00:53:51,970 --> 00:53:48,980 us and good luck on on future stuff you 1079 00:53:53,320 --> 00:53:51,980 guys you're gonna I could tell you're 1080 00:53:57,220 --> 00:53:53,330 gonna make a big difference so thank you 1081 00:53:59,590 --> 00:53:57,230 for taking time out thank you all right 1082 00:54:00,790 --> 00:53:59,600 well on behalf of carol christian and 1083 00:54:03,700 --> 00:54:00,800 scott lewis i want to thank you guys for 1084 00:54:06,490 --> 00:54:03,710 watching we'll be back next week what 1085 00:54:08,980 --> 00:54:06,500 you gonna do Carol do we know who might 1086 00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:08,990 be something about massive stars massive 1087 00:54:25,810 --> 00:54:23,210 scars like a big deal no I've had like a 1088 00:54:35,560 --> 00:54:25,820 pot of coffee this show so I'm sure I'll 1089 00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:35,570 have a lot of ideas alright folks I want 1090 00:54:38,380 --> 00:54:37,010 to thank you all for watching now join 1091 00:54:40,540 --> 00:54:38,390 us next week we'll be back talking about 1092 00:54:43,690 --> 00:54:40,550 presumably massive stars but it might be 1093 00:54:45,430 --> 00:54:43,700 a surprise well let me know if you're 1094 00:54:46,750 --> 00:54:45,440 not subscribing to the Hubble site 1095 00:54:48,520 --> 00:54:46,760 channel you need to do that because 1096 00:54:50,980 --> 00:54:48,530 that's where you'll find out future 1097 00:54:55,060 --> 00:54:50,990 events also follow us on Facebook at 1098 00:54:58,420 --> 00:54:55,070 Hubble as Hubble Space Telescope we're 1099 00:55:00,880 --> 00:54:58,430 on twitter at hubble telescope so make 1100 00:55:01,990 --> 00:55:00,890 sure you follow us and and well that's 1101 00:55:03,460 --> 00:55:02,000 how you can learn about the next hang 1102 00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:03,470 house well thank you all for watching 1103 00:55:07,210 --> 00:55:04,910 one thank you guys for your questions 1104 00:55:09,370 --> 00:55:07,220 and comments they were awesome as they 1105 00:55:12,100 --> 00:55:09,380 always are we'll see you next week and